![]() The diameter of the canals has been reported to range from 0.2 to 0.6 mm, with the confined vessels ranging from 0.01 to 0.16 mm in diameter in young piglets. The vasculature in the epiphyseal cartilage is confined to cartilage canals, structures composed of arteries, veins and capillaries embedded in a connective tissue matrix. Recently, the utilization of SWI for 3-D visualization of cartilage canal vasculature in the epiphyseal cartilage in the developing skeleton was introduced and its successful application was demonstrated. Furthermore, the boundaries between susceptibility differences are better defined in the actual susceptibility maps than in the SWI data. As the susceptibility distribution is revealed, the result is quantitative as opposed to the qualitative SWI data. The non-uniform susceptibility distribution generates phase changes, from which the susceptibility can be derived by solving an ill-posed inverse problem. Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) is an approach that attempts to calculate the underlying susceptibility distribution from the phase data. Potential drawbacks of the SWI technique, however, are that it is qualitative and suffers from artifacts due to the dipolar nature of phase accumulation between substances of different magnetic susceptibility. Typical SWI approaches rely on high-pass filtering of the phase and subsequent generation and application of a phase mask to the magnitude data. SWI has been primarily used for imaging the brain, including anatomical features, the venous vasculature, areas of hemorrhage and other brain lesions, and quantification of iron content, areas of calcification, and oxygen saturation. Susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) is an MRI technique that utilizes subtle differences in magnetic susceptibility values between tissues to generate contrast. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are creditedĭata Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.įunding: This work was supported by National Institutes of Health ( ): grants T32 OD010993 (CSC), K18 OD010468 (CSC), P41 EB015894, S10 RR026783, R21 EB009138 Academy of Finland ( ): grant 260321 and W. Received: DecemAccepted: JPublished: July 13, 2015Ĭopyright: © 2015 Nissi et al. PLoS ONE 10(7):Įditor: Jung-Eun Kim, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, REPUBLIC OF KOREA Citation: Nissi MJ, Tóth F, Wang L, Carlson CS, Ellermann JM (2015) Improved Visualization of Cartilage Canals Using Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping. ![]()
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